Digital Islamic Humanities

Digital Islamic Humanities

Application of Information Technology, Data Science, and Artificial Intelligence in Processing Digital Qur’anic Studies Content

Document Type : Original Article

Author
M.A. in Information Technology Management, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
This systematic review, conducted using the PRISMA framework, examines the role of information technologies, data science, and artificial intelligence in the processing and analysis of digital Qur’anic studies content during the publication period from 2020 to 2025. In the process of searching and selecting articles, 35 high-quality studies were ultimately selected for final analysis. In the initial stage, a total of 150 articles were retrieved from reputable databases such as Google Scholar, Semantic Scholar, Scopus, and ResearchGate, using keywords related to Qur’anic technologies, artificial intelligence, semantic analysis, knowledge graphs, natural language processing, and digital exegesis. During the preliminary screening, articles relevant in terms of title and abstract were approved, reducing the number to 85. Subsequently, based on scientific methodology, empirical results, and a focus on structural, semantic, and validation technologies, the number of articles was narrowed down to 50. In the quality assessment stage, articles were scored according to criteria such as clarity of objectives, scientific approach, sample size, and innovation, and those with high scores (at least 80 out of 100) were selected. Finally, 35 articles with the highest scores and strong academic credibility were chosen for final analysis and extraction of findings. The results indicate that semantic database technologies, structural models, multilingual and multitask deep learning technologies, validation and interpretable evaluation technologies, as well as structural and syntactic analysis tools play a significant role in analyzing the conceptual, semantic, and structural relationships of Qur’anic verses. However, their effective application in the field of digital Qur’anic studies requires rich datasets, precise annotation, the development of multi-layered technologies, and data standardization. The development of robust and interpretable technologies, along with data standardization, constitutes the key to sustainable and effective utilization of modern technologies in this domain.
Keywords

Aamir, N., Raza, A., Iqbal, M. W., Hamid, K., Nazir, Z., Asif, A., ... & Muhammad, H. A. B (2025). Topic Modeling Empowered by a Deep Learning Framework Integrating BERTopic, XLM-R, and GPT. Journal of Computing & Biomedical Informatics, 8(02).
Adnan, B (2024). Leveraging Artificial Intelligence Technologies in the Service of the Holy Quran and Its Sciences. Khazanah Journal of Religion and Technology, 2(2), 36-44.
Adnan, B (2025). Leveraging Artificial Intelligence Technologies in the Service of the Holy Quran and Its Sciences. Khazanah Journal of Religion and Technology.
Afzal, T., Abdul Rauf, S., Malik, M. G. A., & Imran, M (2025). Fine-Tuning QurSim on Monolingual and Multilingual Models for Semantic Search. Information, 16(2), 84.
Al Anazi, M. M., & Shahin, O. R (2022). A machine learning model for the identification of the holy quran reciter utilizing k-nearest neighbor and artificial neural networks. Inf. Sci. Lett, 11(4), 1093-1102.
Alam, K. A., Khalid, M., Ali, S. A., Mahmood, H., Shafi, Q., Haroon, M., & Haider, Z (2025). Automated Authentication of Quranic Verses Using BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) based Language Models. In Proceedings of the New Horizons in Computational Linguistics for Religious Texts (pp. 59-66).
Alkhouri, K.I (2024). The Role of Artificial Intelligence in the Study of the Psychology of Religion. Religions.
Alnefaie, S., Atwell, E., & Alsalka, M. A (2024). Qur’an Passage Ranking Using Transformer Models. In International Conference on Arabic Language Processing (pp. 183-194). Cham‌: Springer Nature Switzerland.
Alshahrani, H. J. A (2020). The semantic prosody of natural phenomena in the Qur’an‌: a corpus-based study (Doctoral dissertation, University of Leeds).
Altammami, S., & Atwell, E (2022). Challenging the transformer-based models with a classical arabic dataset‌: Quran and hadith. In Proceedings of the Thirteenth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (pp. 1462-1471). European Language Resources Association.
AN, A. N., Mahmudulhassan, M., Ali, M., Muthoifin, M., Waston, W., & Senathirajah, A. R. B. S (2024). The Intersection of Quranic Studies and Modern Technology‌: A Bibliometric Analysis of Academic Publications from 2000 to 2024. Qubahan Academic Journal, 4(4), 178-190.
An, A. N., Tamami, F. Q. A. Y., Daud, Z., Salleh, N. M., bin Ishak, M. H., & Muthoifin, M (2025). Understanding the Integration of Deep Learning and Artificial Intelligence in Quranic Education and Research through Bibliometric Analysis. Educational Process‌: International Journal.
Andriansyah, Y (2023). The Current Rise of Artificial Intelligence and Religious Studies‌: Some Reflections Based on ChatGPT. Millah‌: Journal of Religious Studies, 22(1), ix-xviii. https://doi.org/10.20885/millah.vol22.iss1.editorial
Bakr, A., Yousef, A. H., & Arafa, T (2023). Specialized Syntactic Quran Search Engines‌: Evaluation and Limitations. In 2023 Intelligent Methods, Systems, and Applications (IMSA) (pp. 269-275). IEEE.
Basharat, A., Kamran, A. B., & Rehman, M (2025) SemanticTafsir‌: Building a Cultural Heritage Ontology and Knowledge Graph from the Quranic Exegesis of al-Tabari. https://github.com/A-Kamran/SemanticTafsir
Bashir, M. H., Azmi, A. M., Nawaz, H., Zaghouani, W., Diab, M., Al-Fuqaha, A., & Qadir, J (2023). Arabic natural language processing for Qur’anic research‌: a systematic review. Artificial Intelligence Review, 56(7), 6801-6854.
Beirade, F., Azzoune, H., & Zegour, D. E (2021). Semantic query for Quranic ontology. Journal of King Saud University-Computer and Information Sciences, 33(6), 753-760.
Bendjamaa, F., & Taleb, N (2024). OntoDin‌: an islamic ontology of quran and hadith. Int. Arab J. Inf. Technol., 21, 773-785.
Bhojani, A. R., & Schwarting, M (2023). Truth and regret‌: Large language models, the quran, and misinformation. Theology and Science, 21(4), 557-563.
Daud, A., Ullah, M. H., Banjar, A. R., & Alshdadi, A. A (2022). Ontological modeling and semantic search in quran. IJCSNS, 22(5), 771.
ElKoumy, M., & Sarhan, A (2024). Improving ranking-based question answering with weak supervision for low-resource Qur’anic texts. Artificial Intelligence Review, 58(1), 17.
Fasyani, M. F., Muqsid, A., & Mujtaba, A. W (2024). Artificial Intelligence and Digital Tafsīr‌: Assessing the Interpretive Accuracy of ChatGPT’s Engagement with Tafsīr al-Qurṭūbī. Journal of Ushuluddin and Islamic Thought, 2(1), 86-118.
Guspita, R., Azzahra, F., & Albizar, A (2025). Utilisation of Artificial Intelligence in Quranic Learning‌: Innovation or Threat? . Journal of Quranic Teaching and Learning, 1(2), 73-89.
Hani, U., & Rahman, A (2024). Predicting Revelation Periods of Verses of the Quran via Deep Learning. In 2024 IEEE International Women in Engineering (WIE) Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (WIECON-ECE) (pp. 029-034). IEEE.
Hasanah, I.F., Hasanah, U., Makhzuniyah, M., & Binti Zawawi, A.N (2025). Qur’anic Learning In The Digital Era‌: A Study On Digital Applications And Their Impact. Jurnal Pamator ‌: Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Trunojoyo.
Iskandar, M. Y., Efendi, E., Putra, D. A., & Halimahturrafiah, N (2025). Digital Technology in Quranic Learning‌: Opportunities and Challenges. Journal of Quranic Teaching and Learning, 1(2), 139-154.
Ismail, R., Makhtar, M., Hasan, H., Zamri, N., & Azizan, A (2025). A Comparative Evaluation of Ontology Learning Techniques in the Context of the Qur’an. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science & Applications, 16(3).
Jarmy, A.D (2024). Methodological Elements‌: Statistics and Digital Humanities. What Research Perspectives for the Early History of Islam? ArXiv, abs/2404.15316.
Khalila, Z., Nasution, A. H., Monika, W., Onan, A., Murakami, Y., Radi, Y. B. I., & Osmani, N. M (2025). Investigating Retrieval-Augmented Generation in Quranic Studies‌: A Study of 13 Open-Source Large Language Models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2503.16581.
Khidhir, A. M (2024). An AI model for Parsing the Text of Holy Quran Sentences. Mesopotamian Journal of Quran Studies, 2024, 16-23.
Khrushch, S., Kushnarov, V., Liutyi, A., & Onishchenko, I (2023). Immersive Technologies for Digital Libraries. Digital Platform‌: Information Technologies in Sociocultural Sphere.
Lagrini, S., & Debbah, A (2024). A New International Journal of Computing and Digital Systems, 17(1), 1-14.
M Alashqar, A (2024). A classification of Quran verses using deep learning. International Journal of Computing and Digital Systems, 16(1), 1041-1053.
Mauluddin, M (2024). Kontribusi Artificial Intelligence (AI) pada Studi Al Quran di Era Digital; Peluang dan Tantangan. Madinah‌: Jurnal Studi Islam.
Mohamed, E. H., & Shokry, E. M (2022). QSST‌: A Quranic Semantic Search Tool based on word embedding. Journal of King Saud University-Computer and Information Sciences, 34(3), 934-945.
Ni'am, A. M., Parhan, P., Basyarahil, I., & Hidayaturrohmah, N (2025). Cultivating Spiritual Intelligence in Education during the Era of Artificial Intelligence Based on the Concept of Educational Psychology in the Al-Qur'an. Jurnal Penelitian Ilmu Ushuluddin, 5(1), 44-59.
Prokudin, D., Kononova, O., & Gaevskaya, E.G (2024). Development of Methods for Studying the Image of Culture in the Digital Era. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies.
Putra, D. I. A., & Yusuf, M (2021). Proposing machine learning of Tafsir al-Quran‌: In search of objectivity with semantic analysis and Natural Language Processing. In IOP Conference Series‌: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 1098, No. 2, p. 022101). IOP Publishing.
Qamar, F., Latif, S., & Latif, R (2024). A Benchmark Dataset with Larger Context for Non-Factoid Question Answering over Islamic Text. ArXiv, abs/2409.09844.
Sawalha, M., Al-Shargi, F., Yagi, S., AlShdaifat, A. T., Hammo, B., Belajeed, M., & Al-Ogaili, L. R (2025). Morphologically-analyzed and syntactically-annotated Quran dataset. Data in Brief, 58, 111211.
Shahid, U., Hussain, M. Z., & Sayers, W (2025). Computational Analysis of Quran Text Using Machine Learning and Large Language Models. In 2025 8th International Conference on Data Science and Machine Learning Applications (CDMA) (pp. 18-24). IEEE.
Shohoud, Y., Shoman, M., & Abdelazim, S (2023). Quranic Conversations‌: Developing a Semantic Search tool for the Quran using Arabic Natural Language Processing Techniques.
Sonni, A. F., Hafied, H., Irwanto, I., & Latuheru, R (2024). Digital newsroom transformation‌: A systematic review of the impact of artificial intelligence on journalistic practices, news narratives, and ethical challenges. Journalism and Media, 5(4), 1554-1570.
Utomo, F. S., Suryana, N., & Azmi, M. S (2020). Question answering systems on holy quran‌: a review of existing frameworks, approaches, algorithms and research issues. In Journal of Physics‌: Conference Series (Vol. 1501, No. 1, p. 012022). IOP Publishing.
Wahid, S. H.(2025) Rubric-Based Bil MaʾTsūr Framework for Evaluating AI Tafsir Chatbot Using Retrieval-Augmented Generation. Social Sciences & Humanities Open
Zouaoui, S., & Rezeg, K (2021). A novel quranic search engine using an ontology-based semantic indexing. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 46(4), 3653-3674.